Cord factor producer Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii in asymptomatic immunocompetent host sputa samples

Abstract We report a case of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii colonization in upper respiratory tract of an immunocompetent patient, who was misdiagnosed as tuberculosis by Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) and cord factor formation observed directly from the sputa culture in liquid medium. This fact reflected a significant impact on the individual case's life and showed the importance to identify the mycobacteria isolated from clinical sample at species level, and to determine the true implication of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) detected in clinical samples.

Orbital lymphatic vessels: immunohistochemical detection in the lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and extrinsic oculomotor muscles / Vasos linfáticos orbitários: identificação imunohistoquímica na glândula lacrimal, no nervo óptico, no tecido adiposo e nos músculos extrínsecos oculomotores

ABSTRACT Purpose: To identify the lymphatic vessels in orbital specimens from human cadavers using light microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. Methods: A postmortem study included 10 orbital specimens from 10 human cadavers. The orbital specimens were obtained no later than 12 hours after death. The orbital specimens were dissected into lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and oculomotor muscles. The histologic criteria to qualify as a lymphatic vessel were thin-walled channels of endothelium without a well-developed basal membrane and with an erythrocyte-free, irregular lumen. The immunohistochemical criteria were irregularly shaped, thin-walled vessels with an erythrocyte-free, irregular lumen and immunopositivity for podoplanin D2-40. Results: The lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and extraocular muscle sections were positively stained with podoplanin D2-40. Conclusions: This study demonstrated lymphatic vessels in the human orbit, more precisely, in the lacrimal gland, dura mater of the optic nerve, adipose tissue, and extrinsic oculomotor muscles via light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivos: Identificar vasos linfáticos em espécimes orbitários de cadáveres humanos através de microscopia óptica e análise imunohistoquímica. Métodos: Um estudo postmortem incluiu dez espécimes orbitários provenientes de dez cadáveres humanos. Todos os espécimes orbitários foram obtidos até 12 horas após a morte com uma técnica cirúrgica de exenteração orbitária e dissecados em glândula lacrimal, nervo óptico, gordura órbitária e músculos extraoculares. Para classificar como um vaso linfático, os critérios histológicos incluíram vasos endoteliais de parede única sem membrana basal bem desenvolvida, irregulares e lúmen sem hemácias, e os critérios imunohistoquímicos incluíram vasos endoteliais de parede única, com formato irregular e lúmen sem hemácias e reagentes a podoplanina D2-40. Resultados: As lâminas histológicas de glândula lacrimal, nervo óptico, tecido adiposo e músculos extraoculares reagiram positivamente a podoplanina D2-40. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou vasos linfáticos na órbita humana, mais exatamente, na glândula lacrimal, no nervo óptico, na gordura orbitária e nos músculos extrínsecos extraoculares via microscopia óptica e imunohistoquímica.(AU)

Comparison of Microscopic Endodontic Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the success rates of resin-based endodontic surgery (RES) and endodontic microsurgery (EMS), and compare their results. Material and Methods: A total of 19 and 34 full-text papers were reviewed, and finally, 2 and 6 studies were selected for RES and EMS, respectively. The stages of the study selection process were illustrated in Figure 1. The demographic characteristics were also described using the IBM SPSS Software, and the meta-analysis was fulfilled via Stata V.14. Results: A total number of 811 teeth were analyzed in this systematic review and meta-analysis, with a mean follow-up of 38.63 months. Besides, the results of the meta-analysis indicated that both methods not only differed in terms of implementation but also produced varying outcomes. Accordingly, EMS demonstrated a higher success rate likelihood with a significant difference from that of RES. Conclusion: An excellent proof was made available through this meta-analysis regarding the resin-based endodontic surgery success rate likelihood (79.9%) and an update for the endodontic microsurgery success rate possibility (100%).

Evaluation of Bone Repair in the Mandible of Rabbits Using Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Micro-Macroporous Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics and Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate

Objective: To perform a clinical and histological evaluation, characterizing and proving the feasibility of the use of beta tricalcium phosphate (HA/ßTCP) bioceramics as a bone defect repair material, comparing it with autogenous bone and blood clot in terms of osteoinductive, conductive, and genic capacities. Material and Methods: The experiment was based on 3 critical defects in the mandible of 11 New Zealand rabbits. The defects were filled with HA/ßTCP bioceramics and autogenous bone, respectively, collected and ground during the development of defects and blood clots. The animals were euthanized after the 90-day experiment and samples were collected for histomorphological examination. To evaluate differences between the groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with Tukey's post hoc test. An α value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Microscopy revealed the presence of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes associated or not associated with the presence of mature or immature bone. All the studied materials presented bone neoformation in all cases, with the presence of mature and immature bone. Regarding the presence of HA/ßTCP bioceramic residual material, the same was found in 7 of 11 slides. Conclusion: HA/ßTCP bioceramics were shown to be a biocompatible bone substitute, with osteoinductive and osteoconductive characteristics, accelerating the process of new bone formation when compared with autogenous and blood clotted bone, thereby showing promise for bone defect repair with safety and efficacy.

Physicochemical, Thermal, Structural and Pasting Properties of Unconventional Starches from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and White Yam (Dioscorea sp)

Abstract Ginger and white yam starches were investigated and compared with maize starch. Proximal composition, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, microscopy, colourimetry, X-ray powder diffractometry and pasting profile were analysed. The unconventional starches presented higher protein and ash contents than the maize starch, that had the highest thermal stability. Higher gelatinisation temperatures were reported for ginger starch, and the enthalpy of the unconventional starches were similar. The maize starch presented the lowest gelatinisation values. For the corn starch the granules were polygonal and smaller than the unconventional starches, and oval shapes and larger diameters were found for the ginger and yam starches. The unconventional starches presented less brightness and a greater tendency to red and yellow. The maize and ginger starches had A-type diffraction patterns, while the white yam starch had a C-type pattern. The highest relative crystallinity was observed for the ginger starch and there were small differences between the yam and maize starches. Higher peak viscosity and final viscosity and lower pasting temperature were observed for the yam starch. Ginger starch showed the highest shear and stability of heating glue, so may be used in products processed under high temperatures; and yam starch can be used in acidic foods that require high viscosities.

Analysis of enamel and material wear by digital microscope: an in-vitro study

Abstract: The objective of the study was to analyze the surface area (SA) of the wear caused by simulated chewing on human enamel and opposing restorative material, namely: composite resin (CR), porcelain fused to metal (PFM), lithium disilicate (LD), or monolithic zirconia (MZr). Forty-eight premolars were selected as enamel specimens and divided randomly into 4 groups (n = 48; n =12) used as antagonists in chewing simulation (250,000 loading cycles) against one of the four selected test materials. Enamel and material specimens were scanned and evaluated under digital microscope, and wear SA (mm2) were recorded. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey-HSD tests were used for statistics (p < 0.05). The smallest and largest SA were exhibited by enamel against LD (0.80 mm2) and PFM (1.74 mm2), respectively. PFM (3.48 mm2) showed the largest SA and CR (2.28 mm2) showed the smallest SA. Paired t-test for SA values showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in all wear comparisons between materials and enamel antagonists. The wear of materials were greater than that of their respective enamel antagonists (p < 0.05). One-way ANOVA of the logarithmic means of wear SA revealed significant differences (P<0.05). Post-hoc Tukey test revealed significance for PFM (p < 0.05) with other materials. Wear of all test materials was greater compared to the wear of enamel antagonists. PFM and LD caused the largest and the smallest enamel wear, respectively. CR, LD, and MZr are more resistant than PFM to wear after simulated chewing against enamel.

Carcinoma mucoepidermoide bronquial: a propósito de dos casos clínicos / Bronchopulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma: apropos of two clinical cases

Resumen El carcinoma mucoepidermoide bronquial es una neoplasia infrecuente, representando el 0,1 a 0,2% de los tumores malignos primarios del pulmón. En general tiene un buen pronóstico, sin embargo, existe un subtipo de alto grado de pronóstico más ominoso. En este artículo se presentan dos casos clínicos de carcinoma mucoepidermoide bronquial de bajo grado, enfocado en su diagnóstico y manejo quirúrgico.

ABSTRACT Bronchopulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm, accounting for 0.1 to 0.2% of primary malignant tumors of the lung. In general it has a good prognosis, however there is a subtype of high grade of more ominous prognosis. In this paper we present two clinical cases of low grade pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma, focused on their diagnosis and surgical management.

Tips for studies with quantitative morphology (morphometry and stereology) / Consejos para los estudios de morfología cuantitativa (morfometría y estereología)

SUMMARY: The quantitative morphology contributes to making the studies less subjective and reproducible. Quantitative results are analyzed with statistics and should be based on a well-defined sample. Quantitative variables can be 'continuous' or 'discrete.' In this text, the term 'morphometry' is used to design a simpler procedure for measuring structures with a 'ruler.' The term 'stereology' is used in estimating quantities in the 3-dimensional space analyzing 2-D cut sections. Correction factors may be necessary for the retraction and compression of the tissues. In histological sections, the 'caps' of the objects that have been sectioned tangentially are lost when chemical agents remove the paraffin distorting the analysis. Moreover, the analyses based on digital images should consider the same format and the same size (pixels) to all pictures allowing a comparison between groups. Stereology can be 'model-based': points within a frame are counted to estimate the 'volume density' (Vv) of a structure, and intercepts are counted to assess the 'surface density' (Sv). Counting structures within a frame allow estimating the 'length density' (Lv). Newer and more complex 'design-based' procedures are considered unbiased. The key point is that design-based inference does not require assumptions about the material and uses the 'random sampling' approach. The estimation of the number of objects requires a 3-D (volume) probe and therefore the 'disector' technique. This review aimed to contribute to the execution of the project, the correct sampling and the data obtained with morphometry and stereology.

RESUMEN: La morfología cuantitativa contribuye a que los estudios sean menos subjetivos y reproducibles. Los resultados cuantitativos son analizados con estadística y deben basarse en una muestra bien definida. Las variables cuantitativas pueden ser "continuas" o "discretas". En este texto, el término 'morfometría' es usado para diseñar un procedimiento más simple para medir estructuras con una 'regla'. El término "estereología" se usa para estimar cantidades en espacio 3-D analizando secciones de corte en 2-D. Factores de corrección pueden ser necesarios por la retracción y compresión de los tejidos. En secciones histológicas, los "tapones" de las muestras que han sido seccionadas tangencialmente se pierden cuando los agentes químicos eliminan la parafina distorsionando así el análisis. Además, los análisis basados en imágenes digitales deben considerar el mismo formato y el mismo tamaño (píxeles) para todas las imágenes, lo que permite una comparación entre grupos. La estereología puede estar "basada en modelos": los puntos dentro de un marco se cuentan para estimar la "densidad de volumen" (Vv) de una estructura, y las interceptaciones o intersecciones son contadas para evaluar la "densidad de superficie" (Sv). Las estructuras contadas dentro de un marco permiten estimar la 'densidad de longitud' (Lv). Los procedimientos más nuevos y más complejos basados en el diseño se consideran imparciales y objetivos. El punto clave es que el diseño basado en la inferencia no requiere suposiciones acerca del material y utiliza el enfoque de "muestreo aleatorio". La estimación del número de objetos requiere una prueba 3-D (volumen) y, por lo tanto, la técnica "disector". Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo contribuir a la ejecución del proyecto, el muestreo correcto y los datos obtenidos con morfometría y estereología.

Comparison of two methods of visual magnification for removal of adhesive flash during bracket placement using two types of orthodontic bonding agents

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two methods of visual magnification (operating microscope and light head magnifying glass) for removal of composite flash around orthodontic metal brackets. Material and Methods: Brackets were bonded in the center of the clinical crown of sixty well-preserved human premolars. Half of the sample was bonded with conventional Transbond XT (3M Unitek TM, USA), whereas the other half was bonded with Transbond TM Plus Color Change (3M Unitek TM, USA). For each type of composite, the choice of method to remove the flash was determined by randomly distributing the teeth into the following subgroups: A (removal by naked eye, n = 10), B (removal with the aid of light head magnifying glass, under 4x magnification, n = 10), and C (removal with the aid of an operating microscope, under 40x magnification, n = 10). Brackets were debonded and teeth taken to a scanning electron microscope (SS-x-550, Shimadzu, Japan) for visualization of their buccal surface. Quantification of composite flash was performed with Image Pro Plus software, and values were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s post-hoc test at 5% significance level. Results: Removal of pigmented orthodontic adhesive with the aid of light head magnifying glass proved, in general, to be advantageous in comparison to all other methods. Conclusion: There was no advantage in using Transbond TM Plus Color Change alone. Further studies are necessary to draw a more definitive conclusion in regards to the benefits of using an operating microscope.

RESUMO Objetivo: este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de dois métodos de magnificação visual (microscópio cirúrgico e lupa de pala) para remoção da resina residual em torno de braquetes ortodônticos metálicos. Material e Métodos: os braquetes foram colados no centro da coroa clínica de 60 pré-molares humanos bem preservados. Metade da amostra foi colada com Transbond XT convencional (3M UnitekTM, EUA), enquanto a outra metade foi colada com TransbondTM Plus Color Change (3M-UnitekTM, EUA). Para cada tipo de resina, a escolha do método para remover o resíduo foi determinada por meio da distribuição aleatória dos dentes nos seguintes subgrupos: A (remoção a olho nu, n = 10), B (remoção com a ajuda de lupa de pala, sob uma ampliação de 4x, n = 10) e C (remoção com auxílio de um microscópio cirúrgico, sob uma ampliação de 40x, n = 10). Os braquetes foram descolados e os dentes, levados a um microscópio eletrônico de varredura (SS-X-550, Shimadzu, Japão) para visualização de sua superfície vestibular. A quantificação da resina residual foi realizada por meio do software Image Pro Plus, onde os valores foram comparados utilizando-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste post-hoc de Dunn, ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a remoção da resina ortodôntica pigmentada com o auxílio da lente de aumento de pala provou, em geral, ser mais vantajosa, em comparação aos outros métodos testados. Conclusão: não houve vantagem em se usar a TransbondTM Plus Color Change sozinha. Estudos adicionais são necessários para se chegar a uma conclusão definitiva sobre os benefícios da utilização de microscópio cirúrgico.

Comparison of central corneal thickness estimated by an ultrasonic pachymeter and non-contact specular microscopy / Comparação da espessura central de córnea estimada por um paquímetro ultrassônico e por um microscópio especular sem contato

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements of healthy individuals obtained with ultrasonic pachymetry (UP) and non-contact specular microscopy (NCSM). Method: In total, 148 eyes of 74 subjects with no ocular or systemic diseases were included in the study. Central corneal thickness measurements of all patients performed with UP and NCCM were compared. Results: A total of 74 subjects (38 females) were included in this study. The mean age was 45.2 ± 18.4 (range 12-85) years. The mean central corneal thickness of all 148 eyes was 546.9 ± 40 μm with UP and 510.8 ± 42 μm with NCSM. The mean central corneal thickness measured with NCSM was 35 μm thinner than that measured with UP (p<0.001). A high degree of agreement was found between the two methods (r=0.942, p<0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that NCSM measures thinner corneas than UP and that the correction formula we identified should be applied when comparing between these two devices.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar as medidas de espessura central corneana (CCT) de indivíduos saudáveis obtidos pela paquimetria ultrassônica (UP) e microscopia especular sem contato (NCSM). Método: Cento e quarenta e oito olhos de 74 indivíduos que não tinham doenças oculares ou sistêmicas foram incluídos no estudo. Medidas da espessura central corneana de todos os pacientes foram comparadas entre UP (SP 100, Tomey, Nagoya, Japão) e do NCSM (NSP-9900, Konan Medical, Inc., Hyogo, Japão). Resultados: Um total de 74 indivíduos (38 mulheres) foram incluídos neste estudo. A idade média foi de 45,2 ± 18,4 (variação 12-85) anos. A medida média da espessura central corneana de todos os 148 olhos foi 546,9 ± 40 μm com UP e 510,8 ± 42 μm com NCSM. A espessura central corneana média avaliada pelo NCSM foi de 35 μm mais fina do que a UP (p<0,001). Foi encontrado um elevado grau de concordância entre os dois métodos (r=0,942, p<0,001). Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que a microscopia especular sem contato mede córneas mais finas em comparação com a UP e que o fator de correção identificado deve ser aplicado ao fazer comparações entre esses dois aparelhos.

Análise por microscopia ótica da deterioração da lâmina de duas fresas nacionais após sequência de perfurações / Optical microscopy analysis of the deterioration of two Brazilian manufactured precision drills after a sequence of perforations

O aquecimento ósseo durante o preparo para a instalação do implante está relacionado à qualidade da fresagem. Este trabalho buscou analisar, através de microscopia ótica, a deterioração de duas fresas tipo lança de duas empresas nacionais após sequência de perfurações. Cinco peças ósseas de fêmur suíno foram submetidas a exame tomográfico e posteriormente resfriadas a -04 °C. Para as perfurações, as amostras foram deixadas a 20 °C por 08 horas. Após, foram posicionadas e fixadas a um anteparo com pressão controlada (2kg) e acoplado a um contra-ângulo cirúrgico com velocidade programada (1.200 RPM). Foram realizadas 10 perfurações com duas fresas tipo lança, uma de cada empresa, respeitando uma distância de 7 mm entre si e uma profundidade de 10 mm. A cada 10 usos as fresas eram lavadas mecanicamente e esterilizadas em autoclave. Foram analisadas em microscopia ótica (40x) com 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 fresagens. As peças ósseas apresentavam uma cortical espessa, compatível com osso Tipo 1. A microscopia ótica evidenciou diferenças no desenho das fresas e após 10 fresagens alterações de forma. Após 20 e 30 fresagens o nível de deterioração foi bastante significativo. A deterioração aumentou com o número de fresagens. Concluiu-se que ambas as fresas sofreram deterioração após 10 usos, não devendo ser excedido 25 perfurações com a mesma fresa. A Fresa-Neodent apresentou maior deterioração quando comparada à Fresa- -SIN. O tipo ósseo influencia o número de vezes que a mesma fresa pode ser reutilizada.

Bone heating during preparation for implant installation is related to the quality of drilling. This study aimed to analyze the deterioration of two point precision drills manufactured by two Brazilian companies after a sequence of perforations. Five pieces of swine femur bone underwent CT scan and then were cooled to -4 °C. For the perforations, samples were left at 20 °C for 8 hours. After that, they were positioned and fixed to a bulkhead with controlled pressure (2kg) and coupled to a surgical contra-angle using programmed speed (1.200 RPM). Ten perforations were made with two point precision drills, one from each company, respecting a distance of 7 mm apart and a depth of 10 mm. The drills were washed mechanically and sterilized by autoclaving every ten uses, and were analyzed with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 drillings by optical microscopy (40x). Cortical bone thickness found in the bone pieces was compatible with Type 1 bone. Optical microscopy revealed differences in the precision drills design and, after 10 drillings, changes in shape were observed. After 20 and 30 drillings, deterioration level was quite significant. Deterioration increased as the number of drillings also increased. It was concluded that both drills have suffered deterioration after 10 uses; the use of the same drill should not exceed 25 perforations. Neodent drill showed greater deterioration compared to SIN drill. Bone type influences the number of times the same drill can be reused.

Aplicação da análise microscópica na investigação de espinhos de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Figo da Índia) presentes em alimento / Microscopic analysis of glochidia of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Indian fig Opuntia) occurring in food

Em uma amostra de panetone de frutas cristalizadas, contendo corpos estranhos, encaminhada ao Laboratório de Microscopia de Alimentos do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Ribeirão Preto, foram feitas análises, a fim de determinar a origem dessas estruturas. Com o auxílio de estereomicroscópio binocular (lupa) e de um microscópio óptico, os referidos corpos estranhos foram comparados com os espinhos existentes nas porções vegetativas e reprodutivas de espécies de Cactaceae, Caryocaraceae, Malvaceae e Cyperaceae. Foi constatado que o material contido no panetone eram aréolas de gloquídeos, um tipo de espinho comumente presente em frutos e caules de espécies de gênero Opuntia (Cactaceae). Os gloquídeos apresentavam comprimento entre 2 e 3 mm, eram rígidos, pontiagudos e providos de pequenas farpas laterais voltadas para base, as mesmas características e dimensões observadas em Opuntia ficus-indica (figo da Índia).

In a sample of candied fruit “panettone” sent to the Food Microscopy Laboratory of the Instituto AdolfoLutz, Ribeirão Preto, because of the presence of foreign bodies, the analyses were performed to determinethe origin of these structures. By means of a binocular stereomicroscope and a light microscope, the foundforeign bodies were compared with the spines from vegetative and reproductive portions of species of severalplant families, as Cactaceae, Caryocaraceae, Malvaceae and Cyperaceae. The foreign materials containedin the panettone were areola of glochidia, a barbed hair or bristle commonly found in fruits and stems ofspecies of Opuntia (Cactaceae) genus. The glochidia were 2 to 3 mm in length, hard, prickly and with smalllateral barbs, the same characteristics found in Opuntia ficus-indica (Indian fig Opuntia).Key words. Indian fig Opuntia, glochidium, food microscopy, foreign matter, food safety, legislation.

Comparison of isthmus detection methods in the apical third of mesial roots of maxillary and mandibular first molars: macroscopic observation versus operating microscope

The aims of this study were to assess the presence and the frequency of isthmuses in the mesial roots of the maxillary and mandibular first molars (at two resection levels from the apex), and to compare the findings obtained by macroscopic observation (MO) and operating microscope (OM). Forty maxillary and 40 mandibular mesial roots were observed at 3 and 5 mm from the apex initially macroscopically and then with the use of an OM. The presence of an isthmus and the number of root canals detected were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically by Fisher's exact test for isthmus evaluation and Wilcoxon signed rank-test for number of root canals at a confidence interval of 95 percent. Comparison between MO and OM regarding the number of roots with isthmuses provided the following results: Mandibular group: At 3 mm level: MO 19 ?s. OM 27; at 5 mm level: MO 31 ?s. OM 32. Maxillary group: At 3 mm level: MO 9 ?s. OM 14; at 5 mm level: MO 19 ?s. OM 21. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found concerning the accuracy of the isthmus detection methods at both resection levels (3 and 5 mm) and both types of roots, as well as for the number of the canals inspected under the OM between the two resection levels of the mesial roots of the maxillary first molars. Under the tested conditions, OM increased the diagnostic accuracy of isthmus detection at both resection levels and root types.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a presença e a freqüência de istmos nas raízes mesiais de primeiros molares superiores e inferiores (em dois níveis de ressecção a partir do ápice), e comparar os achados obtidos por observação macroscópica (OM) e microscópio operativo (MO). Quarenta raízes mesiais superiores e inferiores foram examinadas a 3 e 5 mm do ápice, inicialmente macroscopicamente e em seguida com o uso do MO. A presença de istmo e o número de canais radiculares detectado foram registrados. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente usando o teste exato de Fisher para avaliação do istmo e o teste de Wilcoxon (signed rank-test) para o número de canais radiculares, com um intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento. A comparação entre OM e MO com relação ao número de raízes com istmos forneceu os seguintes resultados: Grupo mandibular: 3 mm: OM 19 vs. MO 27; 5 mm: OM 31 vs. MO 32. Grupo maxilar: 3 mm: OM 9 vs. MO 14; 5 mm: OM 19 vs. MO 21. Diferenças significantes (p<0,05) foram encontradas com relação à precisão dos métodos de detecção de istmos em ambos os níveis de ressecção (3 e 5 mm), e ambos os tipos de raízes, bem como quanto ao número de canais radiculares inspecionados sob MO entre os dois níveis de ressecção das raízes mesiais dos primeiros molares superiores. Nas condições testadas, MO aumentou a precisão diagnóstica na detecção de istmos em ambos os níveis de ressecção e tipos de raízes.

Detección del virus de la tristeza de los cítricos por serología, microscopía e hibridación in situ / In situ serological, microscopy and hybridization detection of CTV

El virus de la tristeza de los cítricos (CTV) es perjudicial para la citricultura y causa la enfermedad llamada tristeza de los cítricos. Infecta las especies del género Citrus ocasionando la muerte de millones de árboles. Los síntomas son decaimiento rápido (QD) y acanalamiento de tallo (SP). En el trabajo se diagnosticó molecular y serológicamente al CTV en aislados provenientes de Citrus aurantifolia o Lima Tahití (LT) y Citrus madurensis (Lour) o Calamondino (Ca), y se realizaron estudios preliminares de detección viral por medio de microscopía óptica e hibridación in situ. Se utilizó IC-RT-PCR e inmunoimpresión de tejido (IMI) expuesto a los anticuerpos monoclonales 3DF1+3CA5, y con el anticuerpo discriminante MCA 13 con técnica de Enzyme Linked Inmunossorbent Assay Doble Sándwich (Elisa-DAS). La detección por microscopía se realizó sobre secciones de pecíolo de LT y C que se tiñeron con Azure A, y con acetato de uranilo y citrato de plomo. Para la hibridación in situ se empleó una sonda marcada con digoxigenina dirigida hacia el gen de la proteína mayor de la cápside. Los resultados de IC-RT-PCR, IMI y Elisa fueron positivos para LT y C, indicando la presencia de variantes virales de tipo severo. Con microscopía de luz se detectaron inclusiones citoplasmáticas en las células acompañantes y del floema, confirmado con IMI y por hibridación in situ. Se visualizaron inclusiones de partículas virales en el tejido vegetal con microscopía electrónica con cambios en la ultraestructura celular como presencia de grandes vacuolas propias de la infección viral. Este trabajo integra distintas técnicas diagnósticas sobre dos especies cítricas exóticas.

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is deleterious for citriculture and causes citrus tristeza disease. CTV infects all citrus species thereby causing the death of millions of trees. Its main symptoms are quick decline (QD) and stem pitting (SP). Serological, molecular and microscopy techniques were used in this work for diagnosing CTV in Citrus aurantifolia or Tahiti Lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) (TL) and Citrus madurensis (Lour) or Calamondin (Ca) isolates. Petioles were tissue printed (IMI) and exposed to 3DF1+3CA5 monoclonal antibodies; they were then ELISA buffer extracted and exposed to a discriminant MCA 13 monoclonal antibody in a double-antibody sandwich indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DASI-ELISA). Immunocapture reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) amplification, using specific major coat protein gene (CPG) primers, was used on the ELISA buffer extracts as template. Optical and electron microscopy were used for detection on transversal sections of petiole and stained with azure A, uranyl acetate or lead citrate. Digoxygenin-labelled major CPG CTV probes were used for in situ hybridisation of petioles printing. All IC-RT-PCR, IMI and ELISA results were positive for both LT and C, indicating the presence of severe viral variants. Light microscopy cytoplasm inclusions were detected in the phloem and accompanying cells, confirmed by IMI and in situ hybridisation. Electron microscopy analysis revealed cellular abnormalities with changes in ultrastructure and the presence of big vacuoles which are characteristic of cytoplasmic viral infection. This is the first work integrating all available diagnostic techniques on these two exotic citric species.

Alterações bioquímicas e anátomo-histopatológicas causadas pelo veneno do escorpião Tityus fasciolatus em camundongos / Biochemical and anatomo-histopathogical alterations caused by Tityus fasciolatus scorpion venom in mice

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar as alterações causadas pelo veneno de Tityus fasciolatus, uma espécie de escorpião encontrada no Brasil Central, sobre os tecidos, utilizando-se camundongos Swiss CF1, machos, com peso entre 18 e 20g como modelo experimental. Numa primeira parte do experimento, foi determinada a DL50 do veneno de T. fasciolatus, administrado por via subcutânea e foram avaliadas as alterações anátomo-histopatológicas dos animais que vieram a óbito. Numa segunda parte, foram estudados os efeitos de 24µg de veneno de T. fasciolatus sobre a bioquímica sanguínea, 1h, 8h e 24h após a inoculação por via subcutânea do veneno. A DL50 do veneno de T. fasciolatus para o camundongo foi de 59,65µg. Os achados macroscópicos encontrados foram áreas de hemorragia pulmonar (petéquias e equimoses) difusamente distribuídas pela superfície dos pulmões. Os corações apresentavam uma área de coloração mais clara, em formato de cunha no ápice, sugerindo área de infarto. Na microscopia observou-se hemorragia intersticial e presença de leucócitos nas paredes dos alvéolos; leve a moderada congestão dos vasos sanguíneos do epicárdio, miocárdio e endocárido e discreto infiltrado inflamatório linfo-histiocitário no endocárdio e miocárdio. Os animais da segunda parte, inoculados com 24µg de veneno de T. fasciolatus, não apresentaram alterações significativas nos valores de creatina quinase (CK), isoenzima CK-MB, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), amilase e glicose. Concluiu-se que o veneno de T. fasciolatus possui uma menor toxicidade quando comparada com o veneno de T. serrulatus e na dose de 24µg não alterou o perfil bioquímico sanguíneo em camundongos.

The aim of this study was to investigate the action of the venom the species Tityus fasciolatus scorpion, found in the Central of Brazil on the tissue using CF1 Swiss mice, male, (18-20kg) as experimental model. In the first part of the experiment, the LD50 of T. fasciolatus was determined by sub-cutaneous and evaluated the anatomo-pathological changes of the animals who died . In a second part, we studied the effects of 24ìg of venom of T. fasciolatus in the blood biochemistry, 1h, 8h and 24h after inoculation of the venom. The LD50 of the venom of T. fasciolatus for mice was 59.65 µg. The macroscopic findings were found with areas of pulmonary haemorrhage (petechiae and ecchymosis), diffusely distributed on the surface of the lungs. The hearts had a clearer field of colour in the wedge at the apex, suggesting infarcted area. Microscopy was observed in interstitial haemorrhage and presence of leukocytes in the alveolar walls, light to moderate congestion of the blood vessels of the epicardium, myocardium and endocardium and discrete hystiocitary lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate in the myocardium and endocardium. The second part of the animals inoculated with 24ìg of venom of T. fasciolatus showed no significant changes in the levels of creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB isoenzyme, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), amylase and glucose. It was concluded that the venom of T. fasciolatus has a lower toxicity when compared with the venom of T. serrulatus and the dose of 24ìg did not alter the blood biochemical profile in mice.

Loupe magnification for small incision cataract surgery--an alternative to microscope magnification?

A Prospective randomized controlled study was conducted to compare outcome of Small Incision Cataract Surgery (SICS) using microscope or loupe magnification. Two hundred fifty one patient with mature cataract were randomly allocated to SICS-Fishhook Technique with either microscope (127 eyes) or loupe (124 eyes) magnification. Intra- and postoperative complications and immediate visual outcome were analyzed. Nearly two third (microscope 65% and magnifying loupe 62.9%) of all patients had good visual outcome on first postoperative day. Poor outcome (<6/60) was recorded in 8% (microscope group) and 7% (magnifying loupe group). Mean visual acuity with Snellen was 0.39 (SD 0.2) in microscope group and 0.38 (SD 0.2) in magnifying loupe group. Intra operative complications were comparable in both groups. Mean surgery time with loupe magnification was significantly shorter. Comparatively equivalent good surgical outcome was achieved with loupe as well as with microscope magnification. However performing SICS with loupe magnification is significantly faster. Small incision cataract surgery with loupe magnification is safe and effective procedure for cataract surgery so it can play a role in reducing cataract blindness in developing countries of the world.

Marcadores bioquímicos e microscópicos como ferramentas investigativas da resposta tecidual envolvidas com a associação de osso cortical bovino/colágeno em subcutâneo de ratos / Biochemical and microscopic analyses as investigative tool of tissue response involved with the association of bovine cortical bone/collagen in subcutaneous of rats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reposta tecidual à associação de osso bovino inorgânico e colágeno bovino liofilizado, implantados em subcutâneo de ratos. O composto (osso bovino + colágeno) foi acondicionado em cápsulas de colágeno transparente e posteriormente implantado no tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de ratos. Os animais foram mortos após 10, 20, 30 e 60 dias da cirurgia e as peças recolhidas para análise microscópica e enzimática. Foram analisados os aspectos microscópicos da resposta tecidual, bem como a atividade específica da fosfatase ácida total, fosfatase ácida lisossomal, fosfatase ácida de baixa massa molecular, fosfatase ácida resistente ao tartarato (marcador de osteoclastos e alguns tipos de células gigantes multinucleadas) e da fosfatase alcalina. A análise enzimática mostrou que a atividade da fosfatase ácida lisossomal coincidiu com os períodos de maior presença de células gigantes multinucleadas inflamatórias. A análise microscópica revelou um moderado infiltrado inflamatório apenas no período de 10 dias, desaparecendo nos períodos seguintes. A presença de linfócitos e plasmócitos foi leve, sendo notada apenas no período de 10 dias. O grau de fibrosamento tendeu de moderado a intenso até o final do experimento. Dentro dos limites deste trabalho pode-se concluir que a combinação de osso cortical bovino + colágeno bovino liofilizado é biocompatível não exibindo sinais de resposta imunogênica, além disso, a atividade das fosfatases ácidas pode ser modulada em função do tempo, durante a resposta tecidual ao composto implantado em subcutâneo de ratos. O exato papel de cada uma dessas enzimas nesta complexa cadeia de eventos deve, ainda, ser investigado.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the rat tissue response under association of inorganic bovine bone and bovine collagen. Before experimentation, the association (bovine bone + collagen) was conditioned in collagen capsules and after implanted in rats subcutaneous tissue. Afterwards, the animals were killed as follows: 10, 20, 30 and 60 days after surgery. Immediately, the biopsies were collected and appropriately conditioned for both microscopic and biochemical analysis. The biochemical parameters evaluated were: specific activity of total acid phosphatase, lisossomal acid phosphatase, low molecular weight phosphatase, tartarateresistant acid phosphatase and of alkaline phosphatase. These results showed that lisossomal acid phosphatase activity coincided with the periods of bigger incidence of inflammatory multinucleated giant cells. Results from microscopic analysis showed a moderate infiltrated inflammatory at 10 days, decreasing at the following periods. Also, the presence of lymphocytes and plasmocytes was scored as light at 10 days. We found that fibrosis degrees were between moderate to intense at the final periods. Taken together, our results showed that association of cortical bovine bone plus bovine collagen is biocompatible by not showing signals of immune response. On the other hand, both acid and alkaline and phosphatase activities were modulated along the periods evaluated as responsive events.

A New Method for Investigation of the Hair Shaft: Hard X-Ray Microscopy with a 90-nm Spatial Resolution

Various methods have been used to investigate the hair shaft. In the ultrastructural hair field, scanning and transmission electron microscopies are widely used investigative methods, but they have some technical limitations. Recently, X-ray microscopes with sub-micron spatial resolution have emerged as useful instruments because they offer a unique opportunity to observe the interior of an undamaged sample in greater detail. In this report, we examined damaged hair shaft tips using hard X-ray microscopy with a 90 nm spatial resolution. The results of this study suggest that hard X-ray microscopy is an alternative investigative method for hair morphology studies.